The majority of trials had unclear or high risk of bias for one or more items. The mean age of the included participants was 82 years. The median number of participants in the trials was 97. This review included 12 RCTs, with 1317 participants, carried out in 9 countries. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We undertook an 'umbrella' comparison of all types of mobility training versus control. We defined community as those residing either at home or in places that do not provide rehabilitative services or residential health-related care, for example, retirement villages, sheltered housing, or hostels. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of mobility training on mobility and function in frail people aged 65+ years living in the community. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, PEDro, US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (June 2021). To summarise the evidence for the benefits and safety of mobility training on overall functioning and mobility in frail older people living in the community. Common interventions used to increase mobility include functional exercises, such as sit-to-stand, walking, or stepping practice. The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) defines mobility as: changing and maintaining a body position, walking, and moving. Frailty is independently predictive of falls, worsening mobility, deteriorating functioning, impaired activities of daily living, and death. It is estimated that 21% of the community-dwelling population over 65 years are frail. Frailty is common in older people and is characterised by decline across multiple body systems, causing decreased physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes.
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